{"id":191,"date":"2017-01-16T07:38:49","date_gmt":"2017-01-16T07:38:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/?p=191"},"modified":"2019-04-12T10:19:07","modified_gmt":"2019-04-12T10:19:07","slug":"technonews-research-on-the-sensitivity-of-bacteria-and-mycoplasmas-from-animal-origin-to-doxycycline-full-version","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/en\/technonews-research-on-the-sensitivity-of-bacteria-and-mycoplasmas-from-animal-origin-to-doxycycline-full-version\/","title":{"rendered":"Technonews: Research on the sensitivity of bacteria and mycoplasmas from animal origin to doxycycline (full version)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u><b>I. INTRODUCTION<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><strong>Doxycycline<\/strong> is an antibiotic commonly used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial and mycoplasma infections. In <span style=\"color: #000000;\">farm<\/span> animals, it is indicated for ruminants, pigs, chickens and turkeys, but should not be used in layers during the productive stage or in lactating ruminants.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">It is a semi-synthetic antibiotic of the tetracycline family derived from oxytetracycline. It is a bacteriostatic antibiotic, since it inhibits protein synthesis, but it can also alter the permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane in susceptible organisms.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">It has a broad spectrum of action including gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, <i>Chlamydia<\/i>, <i>Rickettsia<\/i>, mycoplasmas, <i>Leptospira<\/i>, <i>Anaplasma<\/i> and spirochetes. In addition, as it is more soluble than other tetracyclines, it can get to areas such as the joints (synovial fluid), the central nervous system and the eyes.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u><b>II. SPECTRUM OF ACTION<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">List of microorganisms sensitive to doxycycline:<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><b>1. Gram-negative Bacteria<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Acinetobacter spp.*<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Bartonella bacilliformis<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Brucella spp.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Campylobacter*<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Enterobacter aerogenes<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Escherichia coli*<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Francisella tularensis<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Haemophilus spp.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Klebsiella spp.*<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Moraxella<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Pasteurella multocida<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Salmonella*<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Shigella spp.*<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Staphylococcus<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Vibrio spp.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Yersinia pestis<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><b>2. Parasites<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Balantidium coli<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><b>3. Gram-positive Bacteria<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Streptococcus spp.*<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><b>4. Anaerobic microorganisms<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Clostridium spp.*<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Fusobacterium fusiforme<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Propionibacterium acn\u00e9s<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><b>5. Other bacteria<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Nocardiae <\/i>y otros <i>Actinomyces<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Borrelia recurrentis<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Brachyspira spp.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Chlamydophila spp.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Chlamydia spp.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Fusobacterium<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Mycoplasma pneumoniae<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Rickettsiae<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Spirocheta<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Treponema spp.<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Ureaplasma urealyticum<\/i><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">Some strains of the microorganisms marked with (*) show intermediate sensitivity or resistance to doxycycline. Therefore, especially in gram positive and gram negative bacteria, it is important to perform an antibiogram prior to administration of the antibiotic.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><u><b>III. SENSITIVITY MICROORGANISMS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">The sensitivity of different animal-based microbes to doxycycline has been evaluated in multiple studies, some of which are cited below.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><u>III.1. Sensitive Microorganisms<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><i><u>a) Mycoplasma spp.<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>M. synoviae<\/i> is responsible for infectious synovitis in chickens and turkeys and causes considerable economic losses to the poultry industry. It is also associated with respiratory tract infections and seizures by aerosaculitis, in addition to causing subclinical infections.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">Doxycycline is effective in killing <i>Mycoplasma spp.<\/i> thanks to its high penetration capacity (liposolubility). This is corroborated by a study carried out in the Netherlands, where doxycycline was effective in eradicating <i>M. synoviae <\/i>in a broiler farm [1].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">b<i><u>) Brucella<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">Brucellosis is a contagious disease of livestock that has significant economic consequences. It is characterized by the existence of abortions or lack of reproduction.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">In a study carried out in Iran with different species of the genus <i>Brucella<\/i>, it was observed that all the microbial samples collected from ruminants were sensitive to doxycycline. These results indicate that doxycycline was the most effective antibiotic against <i>Brucella<\/i> [2].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">Despite the demonstrated efficacy of the antibiotic, treatment of brucellosis in animals is not recommended due to the need to eradicate the disease [3].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i><u>c) Pasteurella multocida<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">It is the bacterium responsible for avian cholera, atrophic rhinitis in pigs and hemorrhagic septicemia in cattle.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">In a study carried out in Hungary with isolates of <i>P. multocida<\/i> obtained from birds (20) and pigs (36) it was observed that <i>P. multocida<\/i> is susceptible to doxycycline, since only 3% of the strains obtained from pigs showed resistance (See Table 1) [4].<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"566\" rules=\"ROWS\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"7\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"92\">\n<col width=\"53\"><\/colgroup>\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"69\"><\/colgroup>\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"65\">\n<col width=\"53\"><\/colgroup>\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"69\"><\/colgroup>\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"64\"><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td rowspan=\"2\" bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"92\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Antimicrobial agent<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"215\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>% of strains of birds<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"3\" bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"214\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>% of strains of pigs<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"53\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">S<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"69\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">I<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"65\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">R<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"53\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">S<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"69\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">I<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"64\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">R<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"92\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Doxycycline<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e2efd9\" width=\"53\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e2efd9\" width=\"69\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e2efd9\" width=\"65\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e2efd9\" width=\"53\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">97<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e2efd9\" width=\"69\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">&#8211;<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#e2efd9\" width=\"64\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\">3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"7\" valign=\"TOP\" width=\"550\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">TABLE 1. S = sensitive; I = Intermediate sensitivity; R = Resistant. (Sellyei et al. 2009)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">The results differ from those obtained in a trial conducted in India with <i>P. multocida<\/i> of birds with avian cholera, as 56.91% of the strains proved to be susceptible to the antibiotic (see Table 2) [5].<\/p>\n<table border=\"1\" width=\"566\" rules=\"ROWS\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"7\">\n<colgroup>\n<col width=\"98\">\n<col width=\"99\">\n<col width=\"99\">\n<col width=\"99\">\n<col width=\"98\"><\/colgroup>\n<tbody>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"98\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"CENTER\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Antimicrobial agent<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"99\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Concentration (mcg\/disco)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"99\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>N\u00ba of resistant (%)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"99\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>N\u00ba of Intermediates (%)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"98\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>N\u00ba of sensitive (%)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr valign=\"TOP\">\n<td bgcolor=\"#70ad47\" width=\"98\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><b>Doxycycline-HCl<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"99\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"99\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">21 (25.20)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"99\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">22 (17.89)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td bgcolor=\"#c5e0b3\" width=\"98\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">70 (56.91)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"5\" valign=\"TOP\" width=\"550\">\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">TABLE 2. (Shivachandra et al. 2004)<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">Doxycycline can be combined with tiamulin to obtain a synergistic effect against <i>P. multocida<\/i> and <i>Mycoplasma<\/i> [6].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><u><b>Abstract: Sensitive microorganisms<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">Doxycycline has proved to be effective against <i>Mycoplasma spp. <\/i>of avian origin.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">Doxycycline has proved to be effective against <i>Brucella<\/i> isolated in ruminants.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">There are variations in the prevalence of doxycycline resistance in <i>P. multocida<\/i> of avian origin.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><u>III.2. Microorganisms that have shown marked resistance<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i><u>a) Salmonella<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">Salmonella, apart from being a bacterium that causes food-borne zoonoses in humans, is one of the responsible for infectious toxic avian hepatitis.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">According to a study carried out in China in 2008 with samples from birds in incubators, farms and slaughterhouses, there are multiple strains resistant to doxycycline (see Figure 1, source: [7]).<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-177 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura.jpg\" alt=\"captura\" width=\"793\" height=\"376\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura.jpg 793w, https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura-300x142.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura-768x364.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width:767px) 480px, (max-width:793px) 100vw, 793px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Graph 1.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">The percentage of <i>S. enteritidis<\/i> resistant strains is lower than in <i>S. indiana<\/i> (56.9% and 97.85%, respectively). No significant differences were observed in microorganisms obtained from different sources (farm, incubators or slaughterhouse).<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i><u>b) Streptococcus gallolyticus<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i>Streptococcus<\/i> species cause opportunistic infections in birds. Signs vary by species, but common presentations include septicemia, peritonitis, salpingitis, and endocarditis.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">There is a high prevalence of resistance to doxycycline in strains of <i>S. gallolyticus <\/i>obtained from birds, even in healthy birds, probably due to the administration of this antibiotic to animals that do not show signs of disease (see Figure 2) [8].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-178\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura2.jpg\" alt=\"captura2\" width=\"837\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura2.jpg 837w, https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura2-300x119.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura2-768x305.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width:767px) 480px, (max-width:837px) 100vw, 837px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Graph 2.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><i><u>c) Clostridium perfringens<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">It is responsible for necrotic enteritis, one of the most important enteric diseases in broilers. It has demonstrated high levels of resistance to doxycycline (98%) in broiler isolates [9].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i><u>e) Escherichia coli<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">It is the cause of a very important poultry disease that is one of the main causes of disease, mortality and economic losses in poultry farms. Also in porciculture causes severe diarrhea after weaning and in newborn piglets.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">The susceptibility of <i>E. coli <\/i>to doxycycline depends highly on the strain. The results of various studies of prevalence of resistance in <i>E. coli<\/i> isolated in birds vary widely: 70.12% [10]; 58.3% [11]; 16.98% [12]; so it is necessary to perform an antibiogram prior to administration of the antibiotic (see graph 3).<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">On the other hand, doxycycline has been able to eradicate an outbreak of colisepticemia in a broiler farm [13].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-187\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura3.jpg\" alt=\"captura3\" width=\"791\" height=\"245\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura3.jpg 791w, https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura3-300x93.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura3-768x238.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width:767px) 480px, (max-width:791px) 100vw, 791px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\">Graph 3.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><i><u>f) Brachyspira hyodysenteriae<\/u><\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">It is the causative agent of swine dysentery, a disease of great importance in the whole world.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">80.9% of the isolates in pigs showed intermediate sensitivity to <i>B. hyodysenteriae<\/i> in samples obtained from clinical cases in Sweden [14]. These data corroborate the results of a study conducted in Poland, where a prevalence of intermediate-resistance sensitivity of 90.5% was observed [15].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-188\" src=\"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura4.jpg\" alt=\"captura4\" width=\"799\" height=\"375\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura4.jpg 799w, https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura4-300x141.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.alquermesmexico.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/Captura4-768x360.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width:767px) 480px, (max-width:799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"font-size: small;\"><i>Graph 4. Distribution of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of different species of Brachyspira (Mirajkar, Davies, and Gebhart 2016).<\/i><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">In contrast, in microorganisms isolated from laying hens no resistance to doxycycline was observed [17].<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><u><b>Summary: Microorganisms that have shown marked resistance<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">Multiple strains of <i>Salmonella<\/i> <i>enteritidis<\/i> and <i>S. indiana <\/i>obtained from birds demonstrate a high prevalence of resistance to doxycycline, the percentage of resistant microorganisms varies according to the serogroup.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">The prevalence of resistance to doxycycline, even in healthy birds, is high. Despite this, the sensitivity in <i>S. gallolyticus<\/i> isolated from healthy mammals is high.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">The percentage of <i>C. perfringens<\/i> of avian origin resistant to doxycycline is high.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">The percentage of <i>E. coli<\/i> resistant to doxycycline varied widely depending on the strain.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">Variation of efficacy according to the species of <i>Brachyspira hyodysenteriae<\/i>: high percentages of resistance are observed in <i>B. hyodysenteriae<\/i> of porcine origin, while those of poultry origin prove to be susceptible.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><u><b>IV. CONCLUSIONS<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">Doxycycline is an effective antibiotic against a wide variety of infectious agents, whether gram-positive, gram-negative, aerobic or parasite.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">The efficacy of this compound on bacteria and mycoplasmas of animal origin is high, as demonstrated against <i>Mycoplasma spp., Brucella <\/i>and <i>P. multocida.<\/i><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" align=\"JUSTIFY\">Despite this, the presence of resistance in different microorganisms (<i>Salmonella, S. gallolyticus, Clostridium, E. coli and Brachyspira)<\/i> has been observed, depending on the serogroup, strain and species of origin, so it is advisable to perform an antibiogram prior to the administration of the treatment.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"color: #ed7d31;\"><u><b>V. BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/b><\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[1] W. J. Landman, D. J. Mevius, K. T. Veldman, and a Feberwee, \u201cIn vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Dutch Mycoplasma synoviae field isolates originating from joint lesions and the respiratory tract of commercial poultry.,\u201d <i>Avian Pathol.<\/i>, vol. 37, no. 4, pp. 415\u201320, 2008.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[2] G. R. Irajian, F. M. Jazi, R. Mirnejad, and V. Piranfar, \u201cspecies-specific PCR for the Diagnosis,\u201d vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 238\u2013247, 2016.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[3] M. K. Glynn and T. V Lynn, \u201cZoonosis Update &#8211; Brucellosis,\u201d <i>J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.<\/i>, vol. 233, no. 6, pp. 900\u2013908, 2008.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[4] B. Sellyei, Z. Varga, K. Szentesi-Samu, E. Kaszanyitzky, and T. Magyar, \u201cAntimicrobial susceptibility of Pasteurella multocida isolated from swine and poultry.,\u201d <i>Acta Vet. Hung.<\/i>, vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 357\u201367, 2009.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[5] S. B. Shivachandra, A. A. Kumar, A. Biswas, M. A. Ramakrishnan, V. P. Singh, and S. K. Srivastava, \u201cAntibiotic Sensitivity Patterns among Indian Strains of Avian Pasteurella multocida,\u201d <i>Trop. Anim. Health Prod.<\/i>, vol. 36, no. 8, pp. 743\u2013750, 2004.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[6] K. M. S. Islam, U. Klein, and D. G. S. Burch, \u201cThe activity and compatibility of the antibiotic tiamulin with other drugs in poultry medicine&#8211;A review.,\u201d <i>Poult. Sci.<\/i>, vol. 88, no. 11, pp. 2353\u20132359, 2009.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[7] Y. Lu <i>et al.<\/i>, \u201cPrevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolates from chicken in China,\u201d <i>Foodborne Pathog Dis<\/i>, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 45\u201353, 2011.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[8] R. Nomoto, L. H. Thuy Tien, T. Sekizaki, and R. Osawa, \u201cAntimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus gallolyticus isolated from humans and animals,\u201d <i>Jpn. J. Infect. Dis.<\/i>, vol. 66, no. 4, pp. 334\u2013336, 2013.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[9] K. M. Osman and M. Elhariri, \u201cAntibiotic resistance of Clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler chickens in Egypt,\u201d <i>Rev. sci. tech. Off. int. Epiz<\/i>, vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 841\u2013850, 2013.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[10] T. Zhang, C. G. Wang, J. C. Lv, R. S. Wang, and X. H. Zhong, \u201cSurvey on tetracycline resistance and antibiotic-resistant genotype of avian Escherichia coli in North China.,\u201d <i>Poult. Sci.<\/i>, vol. 91, no. 11, pp. 2774\u20137, 2012.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[11] C. G. Wang, J. C. Lv, and T. Zhang, \u201cDetection of resistance phenotype and genotype of avian Escherichia coli in Hebei Province,\u201d pp. 2326\u20132332, 2009.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[12] H. Momtaz, E. Rahimi, and S. Moshkelani, \u201cMolecular detection of antimicrobial resistance genes in E. Coli isolated from slaughtered commercial chickens in Iran,\u201d <i>Vet. Med. (Praha).<\/i>, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 193\u2013197, 2012.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[13] R. T. Cristina, I. Schmerold, E. Dumitrescu, L. Cristian, S. Petrovici, and A. Netotea, \u201cStudy of Doxicycline Efficacy in Broilers \u2019 Colibacilosis,\u201d <i>Anim. Sci. Biotechnol.<\/i>, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 469\u201373, 2010.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[14] M. Pringle, A. Land\u00e9n, H. E. Unnerstad, B. Molander, and B. Bengtsson, \u201cAntimicrobial susceptibility of porcine Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli isolated in Sweden between 1990 and 2010,\u201d <i>Acta Vet. Scand.<\/i>, vol. 54, no. 1, p. 54, 2012.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[15] J. Zmudzki, A. Szczotka, A. Nowak, H. Stzelecka, A. Grzesiak, and Z. Pejsak, \u201cAntimicrobial susceptibility of brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolated from 21 Polish farms,\u201d <i>Polish Journat Vet. Sci.<\/i>, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 259\u2013265, 2012.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[16] N. S. Mirajkar, P. R. Davies, and C. J. Gebhart, \u201cAntimicrobial susceptibility patterns of brachyspira species isolated from swine herds in the United States,\u201d <i>J. Clin. Microbiol.<\/i>, vol. 54, no. 8, pp. 2109\u20132119, 2016.<\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\">[17] D. S. Jansson and M. Pringle, \u201cAntimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira spp. isolated from commercial laying hens and free-living wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos).,\u201d <i>Avian Pathol.<\/i>, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 387\u201393, 2011.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I. INTRODUCTION Doxycycline is an antibiotic commonly used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial and mycoplasma infections. 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